GERIATRIC SCREENING TOOL - A KEY TO SUCCESS IN A PATIENT'S PLAN OF CARE

Lalin Fe Evangelista, PT, DPT
Utica College

Undeniably, the world today has a growing geriatric population. Administration on Aging (AoA) (2015) noted: “The older population—persons 65 years or older—numbered 44.7 million in 2013 (the latest year for which data is available). They represented 14.1% of the U.S. population, about one in every seven Americans. By 2060, there will be about 98 million older persons, more than twice their number in 2013. People 65+ represented 14.1% of the population in the year 2013 but are expected to grow to be 21.7% of the population by 2040” (para.1). 

In response to this demand, the world of physical therapy has a growing population among elderly patients ages 65 and up. It is then imperative for physical therapists to develop screening tools that will address the needs of the geriatric population. Screening is very important to meet the health challenges of this population. This ensures that key information regarding the patient’s needs is met. Furthermore, it addresses problems which need attention in order to promote health and wellness among targeted population especially the growing demand in geriatric population.

Today, let us discuss two important screening tools which will be beneficial for addressing health threats among geriatric population and will consequently address the existing problems; thus will help us in formulating a physical therapy plan of care.

First is the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). This screening tool is a multidisciplinary approach that promotes wellness and independence among seniors with focus on functional and performance in gait, balance, and transfers (American Geriatrics society, 2015, slide 4). Its major components are: functional capacity, fall risk, cognition, mood, polypharmacy, social support, financial concerns, goals of care and advance care preferences (Ward & Reuben, 2016, p.3-4).

 Sakai et al. (2013) published a study about using this screening tool and assessment in an overactive bladder (OAB) which revealed: “A low PPV with a high sensitivity of Q1 was improved by using Q1+Q2, where both Q1 and Q2 enable better assessment of OAB resulting in being a useful screening test for OAB (para.4).” Thus, comprehensive geriatric assessment shows high validity with regards to addressing elderly problems such as overactive bladder and more which identifies medical, psychosocial and functional limitations of the senior population.

The results of these studies trigger my interest in using the comprehensive geriatric assessment in my physical therapy practice. I believe it addresses the needs of my patients and using it as a screening tool will positively help me as a practitioner to construct a strong physical therapy plan of care. For instance, I have a 68 year old, female, Caucasian patient who presents to physical therapy with active medical conditions of lymphedema, morbid obesity, and cellulitis of bilateral lower extremities. She has been in and out of the hospital in the last couple of months because of sepsis caused by cellulitis in her legs. I was informed that she just came back last Friday with PT evaluation and treat order.  Using my clinical judgment, I think that an important aspect that causes the cellulitis on her legs is the overactive bladder that makes her go to the bathroom couple of times in a day, making her incontinent most time affects her ability to move around the facility and go down to the therapy area. In order to address this, I could use the comprehensive geriatric assessment specifically the functional mobility assessment. I could look at the urinary incontinence part, address it as a problem, make a short term goal with focus on decreasing the occurrence of incontinence and strengthening the pelvic floor muscles and finally, use Kegel exercises under Therapeutic exercises and e-stim as one of the recommended therapy codes to incorporate in the plan of care. I am looking forward to use the comprehensive geriatric assessment not only to this patient but also to the geriatric population I’m serving right now.

Another screening tool is the ten-minute screening tool for geriatric conditions.  It is a good screening for differential diagnosis for medical conditions as it works with multidisciplinary approach addressing general systems review for example patient’s visual, vestibular, musculoskeletal, urinary, physical, and nervous system. Looking at this screening tool closely, it looks like a close resemblance to a holistic foundation approach of Timed up and go test (TUG), mini cog, visual and auditory assessment, and screen for urinary incontinence. Specifically, under leg mobility, the instruction given is: “Rise from the chair. Then walk 20 feet briskly, turn, walk back to the chair and sit down”. This is quiet similar to TUG instructions: “to rise from sitting from a standard arm chair, walk 10 ft, turn, walk back to the chair, and sit down” (ARHP, 2015, para.2) – See more at: http://www.rheumatology.org/I-Am-A/Rheumatologist/Research/Clinician-Researchers/Timed-Up-Go-TUG#sthash.8vRMMKb6.dpufCurrently, there is no available public information regarding the validity of ten-minute screening tool. Taking it positively, a tool which is published 1996 shows potential advancement in the future in becoming a gold standard screen for the geriatric population. As it demonstrates close resemblance to TUG, there is a possibility that this will be a helpful screening tool as several studies suggested TUG as high determinants for fall among low functioning elderly patients. For instance, Schoene et al. (2013) noted: “The findings suggest that the TUG is not useful for discriminating fallers from non-fallers in healthy, high-functioning older people but is of more value in less-healthy, lower-functioning older people” (para.6). 

Furthermore, the ten minute screen for geriatric condition is an easy to administer as the screen consists of important pillars which corresponds to questionnaire and tasks starts with an open-ended question and then later use a funnel technique of yes/no question to clarify and confirm statements.  Most importantly, I think it is very time efficient to use a ten-minute screening tool for a practitioner like me who holds four buildings, with thirty one patients on caseload and still growing. The ratio of my patients to me is quite overwhelming and then I start questioning myself:  “how will I be able to address these patients’ needs and at the same time, provide quality of care”. 

Aside from good communication in between my assistants, I figured time management will be one aspect that I should take a look at. The ten minute screening tool makes my time efficient. I had started to use it a month ago after learning it from a continuing education program. For instance, I had a patient for evaluation, I incorporate the screening test as part of my evaluation and actually I find it very helpful in addressing problems particularly falls among seniors. The screen has important aspects such as vision, hearing, leg mobility, urinary incontinence, nutrition and weight loss, memory, depression and physical disability which are highly predictive in causing debility among elderly population.

In general, geriatric screening tools such as comprehensive geriatric assessment and ten-minute screening tool use multidimensional approach to provide baseline in the physical therapy plan of care. Thus, it is the key in providing success in the patient’s plan of care. As a physical therapist, I find it very rewarding whenever I was able to help my patients recover and bounce back in their lives. I am grateful that I’m enrolled in a transitional doctor of physical therapy program (tDPT) from which I was able to use an evidence based practice and take a step forward in fulfilling my career as a physical therapist.

References

Administration on Aging (AoA) (2015) . Aging Statistics. Retrieved April 5,2016 from: http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/

American Geriatrics society. (2015). Retrieved April 4,2016 from http://www.ouhsc.edu/geriatricmedicine/documents/GRS5-Geriatric_Assessment.pdf

ARHP. (2015). Retrieved April 10,2016 from: http://www.rheumatology.org/I-Am-A/Rheumatologist/Research/Clinician-Researchers/Timed-Up-Go-TUG

Sakai, M. et al. (2013). Screening test for overactive bladder in a newly developed comprehensive geriatric assessment initiative, 50(2), 249-257. Retrived April 5,2016 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23979249

Schoene, D. et al. (2013). Discriminative ability and predictive validity of the timed up and go test in identifying older people who fall: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 61(2), 202-208. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12106.

Ward, K. & Reuben, D. (2016). Comprehensive geriatric assessment. Retrieved April 5,2016 from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/comprehensive-geriatric-assessment